Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy Coursework

Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy - Coursework Example Among all of the different types of cancer, breast cancer is the highest cause of death in women between the ages 20 and 59, having been responsible for 32 percent of all new cancer cases in 2003. In most patients, the metastases at distant sites of the body become the main cause of death. The rates of metastasis and mortality in breast cancer patients have recently decreased with the aid of early diagnosis by mammographic screening and the implementation of adjuvant therapy. Aromatase inhibitors may be used as adjuvant therapy, first-line, second-line or even third- line therapy (Cunnick et al 2001). Third-line therapy uses the medicine if patients relapse after the second treatment, which followed an initial treatment. Adjuvant therapy, on the other hand, aids in the eradication of breast tumor cells that might have already metastasized to different organ systems by the time of diagnosis. Cancer cells are characterized as having the ability to be viable under stressful conditions. Growth and survival factors activate a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways; these pathways play a critical role in the regulating growth, differentiation, and senescence, and have been found to prevent apoptosis under many circumstances (Ripple et al 2005). The ability of cancer cells to metastasize to other organ systems results in smaller chances of curing the disease. Common phenotypes of metastatic cancer cells have been found to be (1) unregulated growth and survival, (2) decreased cell to cell adhesion, (3) increased ability in degrading the extracellular matrix, and (4) increased motility (Zhang et al 2005). Cancer cells have been found to possess altered apoptosis signals, which are transduced by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The said gene regulates the expression of multiply apoptosis-inducing proteins that act upon the mitochondria. Normal cells are induced to apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway, where cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria. The liberated cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease, activating dactor-1 (apad-1), which assembles into an oligomer called the apoptosome. The apoptosome then recruits and activates caspase-9, which triggers a proteolytic cascade, resulting in cell death. In cancer cells, excessive mitotic signals activate the intrinsic pathway, as a result of mutations within signaling pathways (Mashima et al 2005; Ripple et al 2005).

Analysis of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee :: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee Essays

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee:Â   An Analysis Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a fully documented account of the annihilation of the American Indian in the late 1800s ending at the Battle of Wounded Knee. Brown brings to light a story of torture and atrocity not well known in American history. The fashion in which the American Indian was exterminated is best summed up in the words of Standing Bear of the Poncas, "When people want to slaughter cattle they drive them along until they get them to a corral, and then they slaughter them. So it was with us_. " Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, a work of non-fiction, attempts to tell the story of the American West from the perspective of the indigenous population, The American Indian. That in itself makes Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee an important work of literature as it is one of the few books supporting the Indian cause. This is done through the use of council records, autobiographies, and first-hand accounts. Each of the book's nineteen chapters deals with a certain tribe, battle, or historical event. Brown goes into deep and explicit detail throughout, as evidenced by the book's nearly 500 pages. However, while some may complain Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee is boring or text-book-like, I believe the opposite is actually true. Generally, very little is known about this terrible genocide and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a wonderful and interesting learning tool. Brown has written many books about the life of the American Indian, including Creek Mary's Blood and Killdeer Mountain, but Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is clearly his greatest work. Brown made sure to include songs, quotes, and portraits sprinkled throughout the book. These are very important as they break the monotony of page after page of text. The portraits are well selected and placed, as are the quotes, and help present a wider picture of the point in history. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee helps to open a door into our past. It forces us to look at the dark side of our American history and

Building an Ethical Organization

In the present, social organizations that cater to the critical needs of the society are very much important. Due to the numerous issues and problems of the government, these critically needs of the people are indeed being neglected or insufficiently addressed leading to some complications on the ideal conditions of the people. Due to the extrinsic responsibilities of the government as the main social controller, attention and important resources towards the welfare of the small social sectors are commonly hindered and are directed towards other issue.In general, the budget and efforts regarding some social needs are indeed insufficient thus, outsourcing strategies employing human service organization is important. In this aspect, human service organization becomes an important aspect in this dilemma. These organizations effectively addressed some of the critical needs of the people such as in terms of healthcare needs, skill development training, educational assistance, cooperative businesses, and others.Through devoting their resources, efforts, and skills towards the effective satisfaction of the important needs of the people in their community or society, private human service organizations serve as assistance organization towards the achievement of the sufficiently welfare of the people. Considering this aspect, formation of human service organization is indeed important as they serve as an effective medium in the effective development of the society.The Organization Acting a new director for a human service organization, the author of this paper particularly sees a critical need for the effective development of the educational system in the society. Education indeed serves an important function in the society mainly as the medium of the people towards acquiring valuable knowledge, effective training, an skill development which are necessary in promoting the success of each individual.Due to this significance, it becomes the objective of this desired human service organization to provide assistance program and strategies towards the educational aspect. As the director of this newly established human service organization, it will be the main priority of this institution to provide educational assistance programs for the youth. A significant element in the system of this educational assistance organization is the establishment of its target population or likely clients.The primary target of this organization is to provide assistance program mainly towards the impoverished or financial-challenged population. These are the people or community who cannot afford privately owned educational institutions, which are significantly expensive for their capacity. As such, this organization aims to provide a similarly effective educational system through assisting the normative educational curriculum from public institutions.Through which, this organization can develop the same effective educational training system for the benefits of the majority of the population. Through starting from the primary learning system of the young children of developing an effective institution and environment for preschool and kindergarten learning, this organization’s objective can be effectively started in the community. This will be continued through assisting the student while in the course of social learning curriculum to sustain the continuous training and the high-quality learning objective.Finally, the college system, which is deemed most critical for effective development will also, be given attention particularly on the financial aspect of this stage. Thus, aiding the financial needs of the student while in this stage will be important for the successful development of the individuals and the community collectively. The implementation of this aspect will have a screening stage for the effective management of the resources and efforts for this objective.Indeed, this organization aims to aid the population that is financially ch allenged in achieving effective and high-quality educational training. Mission Statement: Included in the services planned by this human service organization are the developments of primary educational and training institution dedicated for educational needs such as preschool and kindergarten schools for young children, weekend learning program for primary and secondary students, and financial assistance projects for college students.Regarding the first objective, this social organization will establish children educational facilities namely for preschool and kindergarten in targeted communities. These facilities will include professional childcare personnel who will assist the children in their early social interaction and learning development. For the second objective, educational assistance for primary and secondary students will be created which will be held in established facilities such as community centers and public schools.This will become an expansive strategy from the nor mative school curriculum to develop more critical and in-depth learning development for the public school student’s population. Third, among the primary objective is the development of the financial assistance program for needing students through the college curriculum including financial loaning system, scholarship grants, and apprenticeship program for skill development. Through this approaches, this institution can successfully promote both individual and social development through the aspect of the educational system.Values Statement: Being an educational institution wanting to provide the best possible service to its target clientele, the organization tries its best to reach the standard it has set for itself. The constancy of dealing with this particular need is certainly an essential factor that needs to be faced by the administration of the organization. The values of the clients served by the organization are the main foundation of the entire institution. The differe nt values are then counted as important elements of success in the business.To be inspired in doing so, the mission of the institution shall be carried all throughout the operation of the educational organization. As a non-profit organization, the institution aims to hone the different aspects of organization all for the benefit of the clientele to be served. References: Robert J. Starr. (1994). Building An Ethical School: A Practical Response To The Moral Crisis In Schools. Routledge Publishing. Kenneth A. Strike. (2006). Ethical Leadership in Schools: Creating Community in an Environment of Accountability (Leadership for Learning Series). Corwin Press. Building an Ethical Organization There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of health problems in the society today. Diseases without cure like HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases whose treatment is extremely expensive are here with us. These diseases present a challenge to the current society. The problem is intensified by the fact that many of the members of the society cannot afford to foot the costs of basic healthcare let alone the expensive diseases. Another contributor to the problem is that sexually transmitted diseases are more prevalent among poverty stricken communities.The diseases have been cited as a great threat to development in the society as they kill or debilitate members of the society who are the force behind developing the economies in their communities. From this situation therefore arises the need for the provision of treatment services to the society at low costs. This is the only way to save the society from slumping back to poverty and more disease. It is in view of these problems therefore that the low cost medical services public health clinic has been proposed, and plans for its continuity been devised.This paper looks into the various aspects that are to be the mainstay of the operations in the clinic. These aspects include the scope of services to be delivered, the conduct of the personnel in the clinic and the organizational structure to be used in the organization. The public health clinic is a non profit ethical organization meant to deliver medical services to the society. The services the organization is designed to offer address the issues of lack of adequate healthcare in the society today.Since the diseases that the clinic targets demand costly treatment facilities the organization strives to ensure it provides services that are of high quality. Recovery of the health of the society is an aim of the organization and it recognizes the need to use high quality instruments in the delivery of health services. The organization theref ore will use latest technology tools and methods to make sure services the services delivered are of the highest standards and address the health problem fully.The organization, being a non profit organization, will deliberately work for the people who are suffering from serious diseases and have no money for treatment. Many non profit hospitals engage in outreach programs aimed at assisting the community. These programs directly or indirectly affect the health in the communities. The activities go beyond the traditional role of the medical organization. They create environments, both social and economic that would influence behaviors to better health and better communal well-being (Aday, 1993).In the day to day running of the clinic there shall be provision of services like immunization programs, services meant for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and providing health assurances and assets assurance. Immunization programs are aimed at preventing infectious diseases in t he population. Infectious diseases are a cause of many health problems in the society. Lack of immunization in the society causes occurrence of diseases like tuberculosis which is a leading killer disease, and polio which has no cure.The devastating effects of these diseases point to the old saying that prevention is better than cure. The program of preventing sexually transmitted diseases is meant to cut the numbers of people currently suffering from the disease in the society. The numbers of those who suffer from sexually transmitted diseases are very high and given the high costs the treatment of the diseases there is an urgent need to root out the diseases from the society. One of the aims of the organization is to steer the society from the brink of health disaster and to ensure that in the future not much diseases to cure.This program will disseminate information on HIV/AIDS prevention and synthesize the community on the risky behaviors and benefits of behavioral changes. Heal th assurance and assets assistance are initiatives that are meant to ensure that those who run the risk of getting infected with diseases. For instance, there are workers in the health sector like home based care providers for the HIV/ AIDS disease who run the risk of contracting the disease. Asset assistance is geared to giving out assets like rooms for other collaborators in the health sector to deliver health services to the community.The assets are available for groups such as counselors and for mobile disease screening practitioners. The clinic functions will also encompass keeping of birth and death records, emergency services like child delivery services, as well as offering services to the disabled. Apart from these the clinic shall venture into the field and provide educational programs. The clinic shall provide the society with information on environment protection. Environmental protection is a preventive measure on diseases caused by germs such as dysentery and diarrhea. The mission of this clinic is to protect patients suffering from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases through superior health care system and excellent customer care service on a very reasonable price or at the structure. As it is stated in (Abidi, 2001), the clinic is focused on tackling diseases that are extremely dangerous to the community, and through its employees, endeavors to provide high quality services that are aimed at detection, and prevention of diseases as well as providing educational programs and personal & environmental health.In the organization of the clinic the employees shall be there only for serving the patients with best treatment and facilities and not for earning money. The employees shall be focused on the goals of the organization as described in the mission statement to the latter. The nurses and doctors and other clinic workers shall conduct themselves in line with the ethical attitudes delineated in the work plan of the organization. Again the employees of the clinic shall be required to follow their professional ethics in order to provide high quality services.There is a general tendency of employees to slacken in delivery of services especially if there are no monetary gains being made. This stems from the natural ambition of workers to make profits for their institutions. To avoid this problem from affecting the clinic organization, the workers shall be adequately briefed on the mission of the undertaking. Their ethical sensibility shall be called into the equation. Moreover the employees shall be well renumerated for their services.Good pay will reduce the chances of their breaking of the clinics mission and its ethical code since some may get tempted to make money on the sidelines of the organization. It is known that if the doctor is not well paid they end up starting their own clinics and these results in the doctor giving substandard services in the place of employment. Lack of good pay also increases the chances of the doctor stealing things like medical instruments and medicine from the clinics. The organizations code of ethics shall be based on international ethics medical association standards.The ethics are safeguards for the provision of good services to the patients. The organizations code of ethics shall include: Practice of the medical profession with conscience and dignity. The medical staff shall be required to carry out their duties guided by their conscience and in a manner that are dignified. Conscience will always make the practitioners do their best to avoid guilt, and conducting themselves with dignity the workers shall respect the laws of the profession. Priority is given on the life of the patient.This means that in-spite of all other things that the medical practitioner will be involved in, be it in the clinic or outside the place, they should be ready to attend to patients at any time they are called upon. The urgency involved in their duty sometimes requires that they m ust be ready to attend to patients anytime of the day or night. Respect of the secrets that are confided by patients. The staff of the clinic shall not divulge secrets they get from patients in the course of treatment. Medical practitioners get privy to many secrets of their patients which they get as they conduct oral and physical diagnosis of the patients.It is unethical for the practitioners to let the secrets out. Another ethic is to honor the noble traditions of practicing medicine in all situations. The workers shall be required to uphold to the traditions of the medical profession. The medical field is a field that is vocational in nature and those who go into it are supposed to enthusiastically adherer to the practice of giving medical services without being followed. Good cooperation between co workers. Good cooperation between the workers is a virtue tat requires deliberate effort of each member of the organization.This ethical practice gives each member of the organizatio n an easy time in doing their work. Practice no biases based on religion, nation or race etc. biased practices are some of the leading courses to the derailment of the goals of corporate undertakings. Since the services offered in the clinic are sought after by people from all walks of life it is fundamental for the doctors and nurses to carry out their activities with no bias at all. Never to use medical practice contrary to humanity laws in respect for human life.Humanity laws shall be given priority in all cases a contradiction occurs between the humanity laws and other issues. For instance when there is no money to pay for the subsidized services the medical attendant should give the treatment all the same. Self respect. Self respect goes with dignity medical personnel should show. Someone who respects themselves is more unlikely to be careless in their duty. Consecrate the life to serve humanity. Members of the organization must be dedicate to serving humanity to the best of th eir abilities (Geneva, 1948).The specific contribution of each ethic adds up to a body of work values that are in conformity with the mission of providing the best services to the patients. Within the organization there shall be a culture of collective responsibility. Since all of the work in the organization is ethically bound the members of the organization shall be dedicated to being responsible. This philosophy shall enable the members to check on each other and ensure that all work for the fulfillment of the goals and aspirations of the organization as stipulated in the mission of the organization.Non profit corporations such as those of health care are charities, and being so have exemptions from paying some taxes. The corporation therefore, must be seen to engage in charitable activities as defined in the laws of the state. By the law, non profit organizations can be pushed by government agencies to deliver the services they are supposed to give (Robert, 2006). The organizati on should strive to make sure the government has no reason to resort to using this measure on them. Participatory leadership is suitable for the leader of the clinical organization.The leader therefore shall lead in a manner likely to inspire confidence in the others. The leader shall be an example that the other workers can emulate. They should be embodiment of virtues like dependability, dedication, creativity and proper decision making. The leader is morally responsible to the patient in that they must ensure that the services given out to the patients are of the best possible standard, and that the workers under them perform their duties in accordance to the stipulated ethical code.Being an example, the leader shall effortlessly inspire the adherence to the culture of taking collective responsibility. According to Robert the governing board of hospital has the ultimate responsibility to appoint members of its staff who serve the patients satisfactorily. Then through the constitu tion of by laws the board delegates the responsibility for the patients’ healthcare to the medical staff (Robert, 2006). Relative supervision shall be in place and this will partially ensure the code of ethics is adhered to. Administration members will be in charge of overseeing the coordination of the affairs of the organization.However this duty shall be delegated to departmental heads as this are the people who can accurately see the daily happenings in their areas of specialization. The expectation, however, is that every individual employee shall abide by the ethical code out of their own volition. There shall be freedom of expression among the workers such that those who think others are not following the stipulated ethical practices can openly share their views. In matters which may include danger such as reporting a worker for gross misconduct the employees are advised to report to the relevant authorities.Protection of the whistle blower is guaranteed. It is imperati ve for the employees to know that any action they take that protects the sanctity of the code of ethics is acting ethically. Conclusion As it has been seen through out the paper the organization is dedicated to the provision of high standard medical services to the population. Adequate planning has therefore been put in place for the realization of the goal of providing world class services to the patients suffering from sexually transmitted diseases ands the promotion of general disease prevention measures to members of the society.The mission for the undertaking is the spirit all the other processes that the clinic, as discussed in the paper, needs for optimal performance. Behind the making of the organization structure, the devising of a working culture, the decision on oversight and the deliberation of a skill for leadership is the mission. The resultant organization has a workable structure and definitely will be able to function and deliver the desired result. References Abdi S. S. (2001).Knowledge Management in Healthcare: Towards â€Å"Knowledge Driven’ Decision- Support Devices. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 63(1-2):5-18 Aday, L. A, (1993). At risk in America: The health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass Robert D. & Miller, J. D. (2006) Problems in Health Care Law (9th Edition). West Publishing Company. The second General Assembly of the World Medical Association 1948. Medical Ethics Alliance [email  protected] org Retrieved; November 20 2008.

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